The adaptive value of flowering time in wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum)

This paper demonstrates that an early flowering time adaptation does not come at a growth cost when in competition with wheat (unfortunately seed production could not be assessed due to field netting keeping bees out). Flowering time however did result in an increasing number of flowers being located below the harvest cutting height. As the early flowering wild radish does not come at a competitive cost, it needs to be managed through diversity in both management tactic and timing.