Raphanus raphanistrum causes $40 million total revenue losses annually in Western Australia partly due to its historically-documented ability to evolve herbicide resistance to multiple modes…
Most Australian crop farm populations of the grass weed Lolium rigidum are multiple herbicide-resistant. Most resistant populations exhibit target site mutations (e.g. ACCase, ALS), as well as metabolic resistance due to cytochrome P450, catalysed by enhanced rates of herbicide metabolism.