Patterns of herbicide resistance in Raphanus raphanistrum revealed by comprehensive testing and statistical analysis

Raphanus raphanistrum causes $40 million total revenue losses annually in Western Australia partly due to its historically-documented ability to evolve herbicide resistance to multiple modes of action.  In this study, 376 field-sampled populations of R. raphanistrum were tested for resistance to 21 herbicides applied at the recommended label rate.  Eight treatments were herbicide mixtures with two, three or four modes of action.